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HISTORY OF PORTLAND, OREGON 


Compiled by Workers of the Writers’ Program 
of the Work Projects Administration 
in the State of Oregon 



FEDERAL WORKS AGENCY 
John M. Carmody, Administrator 
WORK PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION 
Howard 0. Hunter, Commissioner 
Florence Kerr, Assistant Commissioner 
E* J. Griffith, State Administrator 


Official Sponsor: Oregon Writers’ Project; Oregon State Board of Contrt 
Co-Sponsor: Library Association of Portland 





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History of Portland, Oregon 


Feti 
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PORTLAND FIRSTS 


1806 Captain William Clark and party of the Lewis and Clark Expedition first 
white men known to have visited the site of Portland. 

1829 First furrow plowed in Portland earth by Etienne Lucier on what is now 
the Irving Tract on the east side. 

1840 Captain John H. Couch in 1840 first noted the desirability of the site 
of Portland as a seaport. He said: "To this point I can bring any ship 
that can get into the mouth of the Great Columbia River." 

1841 First seagoing vessel. Star of Oregon , built by Joseph Gale and associates, 
launched at Swan Island, May 19th. 

1842 First land claimed in city (South Portland) by William Johnson, who built 
thereon first building, a log cabin. 

1844 First idea for town came to Amos L. Lovejoy, who, with Francis W» Pettygrove 
cleared and platted the first few blocks. 

1845 First store opened by F. '7. Pettygrove at Front and Washington St, First 
white woman was wife of George Bell who was in charge of Pettygrove T s store. 

First ferry across Willamette began operation (one canoe). 

1846 First wharf built by John Waymire at foot of Washington St, 

First express business started by Waymire to transfer goods from wharf to 
warehouse and from warehouse to small boats for shipment to Oregon City; 
used oxen he brought across plains. 

First hotel opened by Waymire in his double log-cabin where he offered 
meals and "a place to spread blankets." 

First sawmill (a whipsaw operated by two men) started by Taymire, 

First tannery conducted by Daniel K. Lownsdale where Multnomah Stadium is 
now situated. 

First blacksmith shop opened by James Terwilliger at First and Morrison Sts. 

1847 First frame house built by Captain Nathaniel Crosby of lumber from Maine 
brought round the Horn, near Front and Washington Sts. 

First physician. Dr. Ralph Wilcox. 

First school (private) taught by Dr. Ralph Wilcox in Job McNemee’s cabin 
at First and Taylor Sts. 








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1848 First Methodist Church organized and building begun. First pastor, 
the Reverend J. H. Wilbur. 

1849 First mail arrived in U.S. Postal sacks on brig Sequin. 

First school building (frame) erected by Colonel William King near First 
and Oak opened by the Reverend Horace Lyman, 

First postmaster, Thomas Smith, took office November 8thj office in log 
cabin at Front and Washington Sts. 

1850 First recorded Fourth of July celebration at Portland. 

First newspaper, the Weekly Oregonian , first issued December 4th by Thomas 
J, Dryer. 

Pioneer Fire Company organized (hand pump). 

First steam sawmill completed by W. P. Abrams and Cyrus A. Reed at foot of 
Jefferson St. 

First census taken by Daniel O'Neill, deputy under U.S. Marshal Joseph L. 
Meek, of "that place on the Willamette 12 miles below Oregon City." 

1851 Mat K. Smith on March 22nd announced opening of first daguerreotype gallery 
in Dr. Baker’s building near Front and Alder Sts. 

First city charter went into effect April 6j provided for mayor, recorder, 
treasurer, marshal, and nine councilmen. 

First municipal election held (222 votes cast); H. D. O'Bryant elected first 
mayor. 

First meeting of city council on April 14th. 

First Episcopal services of Trinity Church (organized by the Reverend Win. 
Richmond) held on May 18th, 

First vessel direct from Orient (the brig Amazon ) arrived from Whampoa, 

China. 

Dr. J. C. Cooper and George W. Snell opened first drugstore at Front and 
Washington Sts. 

First free public school opened on December 15th; John Outhouse, teacher. 
First municipal building (the city jail) constructed. 

First hotel, Columbian, opened June 5th, 

1852 First publishing house and first magazine ( Oregon Monthly Magazine ) started 
by S. J. McCormick. 


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First hospital opened on April 4th by Drs. Broy and '.Tilson. 

First city parks (Lownsdale Squares and the Park Blocks) designated on 
plat of city recorded on December 9th, 

First labor union (Typographical Society) formed in convention at Portland 
on June 11, "for mutual protection and advancement of interests" of 
journeyman printers in Oregon and Vfashington territories. 

First brick building erected by Ladd and Reed at Front and Stark Sts, 

Portland becomes county seat of the newly created Multnomah County, 

First Presbyterian church organized. 

First Baptist Church organized May 5th, and first meeting held in school- 
house , 

First telegraph line completed to Oregon City November 15j first message 
sent November 16th. 

First franchise granted to lay water pipe; wooden pipe laid from Caruthers 
Creek, 

The "Jefferson Guards" first military unit, organized on May 24th, at a 
meeting of citizens held "in the council room corner of Washington and 
First Sts. 

First iron foundry; David Monastes, builder and owner. 

First bank (Ladd & Tilton) started by 7&n. S, Ladd and Charles E. Tilton. 

First daily paper (P ortland Daily News) issued April 18th by S. A. English 
and Win, B. Taylor, publishers; Alonzo Leland, editor. 

First fire bell, cast steel weighing 1030 lbs. and costing $515.15, mounted 
in tower at foot of Alder St. 

First gas works erected under city franchise. 

First Jewish congregation (Beth Israel) organized. 

First mailcoach from Sacramento arrived on September 15th; contract first 
held by California Stage Company. 

First numbering system for houses adopted by ordinance on September 17th. 

First library and reading room opened at 66 First St.; beginning of 
Portland public library. 

First woman physician. Dr. Mary Thompson. 

First exportation of wheat to foreign country; Joe Watt shipped oargo to 
Liverpool on the He len Angier . 


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First large group of Chinese laborers brought to Portland on the Jennie 
Allice. 

1869 First public high school classes opened. 

1871 Portland Street Railway Company incorporated (September) and Levi Estes 
granted franchise to build line; first cars drawn by horses or mules. 

Weather Bureau opened November 1st. 

1875 First telegraphic fire alarm system (the Gamewell) installed February 17th. 
First illustrated magazine (West Shore) launched in August by L. Samuel. 

1877 First industrial fair held in building at First and Madison Sts. 

1878 First telephone exchange opened with ten subscribers. 

First medical college (moved from Salem) opened in building near Fourth and 
Morrison Sts, 

1879 First free mail delivery; postmaster Cole; forty-four collection boxes 
with two pick-ups a day; five carriers. 

1880 First incandescent lighting in P.S. Malcolm house and on O.R. & N. steamer, 
Columbia . 

1883 First horse-drawn fire-fighting apparatus used. 

1884 First electric company (United States Electric Power and Lighting Co.) 
incorporated, with P.F. Morey as president.. 

1885 First electric street lighting. 

Boys and Girls Aid Society (first child-placing institution) organized on 
October 5th, 

1887 First bridge (Morrison Street) across Willamette River opened on April 12th 
with formal exercises, 

1889 -First electric street-cars operated. 

First long-distance transmission of electricity from Willamette Falls 
lights Portland streets. 

1893 First annual rose show, 

1895 First water from Bull Run turned into city mains on January 1st, 

1896 First Daughters of the American Revolution Chapter organized on 
February 21st. 

1897 First motion pictures exhibited in August. 


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1901 


First automobile (a Locomobile) brought to city by E. Henry Wemme. 


1905 Women’s Department of Police Bureau organized by Lela G, Baldwin, first 
woman police officer. 

1907 First Rose Festival opened on Thursday, June 20th. 

1915 First Reed College commencement ; class of 44 men and women. 

1926. First regular airmail service between Portland and Seattle» 


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HISTORY OF PORTLAND, OREGON 


PART Is FOUNDING 

The first white habitation on the site of Portland was built before 
1830 by Etiene Lucier, Astor trapper with Hunt's overland expedition in 
1812 (1). His log cabin stood on the bluff on the east side of the 
Tillamette River south of present Hawthorne Boulevard (2). He lived there 
only a few months, removing to French Prairie (3). Later the Hudson's Bay 
Company built a cabin on the east side for one Porier, a British subject 
employed as baker at Fort Vancouver, in which he spent his declining 
years (4). 

■Tilliam Johnson*, a crew member of the US frigate Constitution (Old 
Ironsides) in her August 19, 1812, battle with the British frigate 
Guerriere (5), was first high sheriff of the provisional government and 
a Champoeg Man (6), He built a cabin in 1842 for his Indian wife and 
their children and started farming on land which is now block 137, Caruther’s 
Addition, bounded by Southwest Hood, Macadam, Curry and Tfhi taker Streets (7). 
He did not remain long, retiring to his 645-acre donation land claim near 
Champoeg (6), 

Coming ashore in November, 1843, on the west side with Asa Lawrence 
Lovejoy**, 'william Overton (Tennessee to Oregon 1841) claimed 640 acres 


* b. England 1784; d, near Champoeg 1850; ( Scott, Hist, of the Ore. Country, 
v, 2, p. 225 ) 

** b. Groton, Mass., March 14, 1808; d. Portland, Oregon, Sept. 10, 1882— 
to Oregon 1842, again 1843; ( ibid: p. 319 ) 


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nine miles above the confluence of the Willamette with the Columbia River (8). 
Half interest in his claim he transferred to Lovejoy for the filing 
fees (10), 

James B, Stephens* declined opportunity to pay $200 to Overton for 
his remaining interest in the west side claim (11). In 1844 the owner 
sold it for $50 (12) to Francis Pettygrove**. 

Lovejoy, having noted the river depth where he and Overton landed, 
considered this place ideal for an inland seaport. In the winter of 
1844 he and Pettygrove cleared a small area along the river bank near 
present Southwest Front Avenue and Washington Street, where they built 
a small log cabin. They flipped a copper cent at a family dinner party 
in Oregon City — Pettygrove won, and Portland became the name of the 
proposed town. Lovejoy wanted Boston, for his former home town in 
Massachusetts (9). 

Thomas Brown surveyed the claim for Lovejoy in 1845, and laid out a 
street approximately paralleling the river, leaving an irregularly shaped 
tract between the street and river for a public levee. The street was 
named Water Street, now Southwest Front Avenue. Pettygrove later denied 
that he and Lovejoy had given the river front for a public levee, and this 
resulted in litigation for many years (13), 

Lovejoy, who became mayor of Oregon City and later chief justice 
of the territory, sold his half of the claim in November 1845 to 


* b. Washington County, Pa,, Nov. 19, 1806; d. Portland, Ore., March 22, 
1889—to Oregon 1845 (O re. Hist. Qua rt,, v s 31, p t 353, footnote ) 

** b. Calais, Maine, 1812; d, Port Townsend, Wash., Oct, 5, 1887—to Oregon 
by sea 1843 (Scott, Hist, of the Ore, Country, v. 2, p. 319) 





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Benjamin Stark (14)*, Daniel Lownsdale** on his arrival took the King 
donation land claim west of the city (15), He purchased Pettygrove’s 
interest in the townsite during Stark*s absence in 1848, claiming owner¬ 
ship of the-whole since title had been registered in Pettygrove's name. 

He sold his entire interest in the townsite claim to Stephen Coffin*** in 
1849, immediately repurchasing half of it with Coffin’s agreement to ap¬ 
ply for a patent from the US Government, Coffin’s deed reserved the 
rights of all persons who had purchased lots from Pettygrove (14), Fol¬ 
lowing the December 1849 sale to William Williams Chapman**** of a third 
interest in the townsite by Lownsdale and Coffin (14), Stark returned in 
the spring of 1850 and asserted his right in the property, A division 
was made, with Stark taking the northern and Lownsdale the southern half 
of the claim. The general land office in 1858 confirmed the claims of 
Stark, Chapman and Coffin (14), And finally, on January 11, 1862, Judge 
Matthew P, Deady of the US District Court decided that there was no proof 
that the levee had been dedicated to public use (16), 

Captain John H. Couch*****, master of the ship Maryland, who set out 


* b. New Orleans, La,, June 26, 1820j d. New London, Conn,, Oct, 10, 1898- 
to Oregon 1845 ( Scott, Hist, of the Ore, Country, v, 2, pp, 318-19 ) 

** b. Mason County, Ky., April 8, 1803; d# Portland, Ore.-, May 4, 1862- 
to Oregon 1845 ( ibid, p, 239 ) 

*** b. Maine, 1807; d, Dayton,. Ore,, March 16, 1882 ( Ibid, p, 200 ) 

**** b. Clarksburg, Va«, Aug,. 11, 1808; d, Portland, Ore*., Oct, 18, 1892- 
to Oregon 1847 ( Scott, Hist, of the Ore, Country, v, 1, p, 104 ) 

***** ft. Newburyport, Mass., Feb, 21, 1811; d, Portland, Ore, ; Jan, 19, 
1870 (Ibid, p, 301) 


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from Newburyport, mss., in 1840, to attempt establishment of a salmon 
fishery in the Oregon Country for the wealthy Cushing family (17), saw the 
possibilities of the Portland site as a shipping and commercial port. He 
returned in 1842 with a stock of goods for Oregon City, and again in 1848 
with merchandise which he stored and sold at Portland. He selected a land 
claim adjoining the Portland claim on the north. Widely knowjpi in maritime 
circles and with judgment much respected by shipmasters of all nations. 

Couch did more than any other individual to draw shipping and people to the 
new town (17), 

Samuel A. Clark*, editorial v/riter on the Oregonian (23), with 144 
other citizens petitioned the legislature December 4, 1850, to incorporate 
Portland, which was effected January 23, 1851 (19). 

Lownsdale had John Brady survey the town and draft a plat in 1850, 
which was officially adopted by the city council in 1852 (20), Tho original 
city corporation embraced in its boundaries only the Overton-Lovejoy Portland 
Claim and the claim of John H. Couch (21). 

On April 7, 1851, a total of 222 votes was cast in the election which 
accepted the articles of incorporation and chose the city’s first body of 
officers. The first mayor (21) was Hugh D. O’Bryant**, a carpenter (22) and 
a native of Georgia (23), In addition to the office of mayor, the charter 
provided for the popular election of a recorder, a treasurer, an assessor, 
and nine councilmen. At this first election, however, only a recorder 
and five councilmen were elected: W. S, Caldwell (24) recorder; and 


* b* Cuba, March 7, 1827; d. Salem, Ore., Aug, 20, 1909 - to Oregon 1850 
( Scott, Hist, of the Ore, Country, v, 5, p, 97 ) 

** To Oregon 1843 ( Lockley, Hist, of the Columbia River Valley, v, 1, p, 516 ) 


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councilman Robert R. Thompson (25); Shubrick Norris (26); George A. Barnes*, 
merchant; Thomas G. Robinson; and L. B, Hastings (27). The council held 
its first meeting on April 14, 1851, (21) in the home of Councilman Robinson 
(23), with the first order of business being the appointment of a city marshal. 
Hiram "Tilbur was chosen for the position (21). The city government thus begun 
was the first separate unit of government set up within the area now consti¬ 
tuting Multnomah County. Portland became the seat of Multnomah County in 
1854 when it was established (28). 

Growth of Portland was confined to the west side of the Willamette 
during the first forty years. Several separate towns developed gradually on 
the east side of the river (29). 

James B. Stephens in 1845 bought Porier’s claim from the deceased owner’s 
administrator. Dr. John McLoughlin, for $200, His townsite of East Portland, 
laid out in 1850-51, extended from A Street (NE Glisan) to U Street (SE Haw¬ 
thorne) and from the river to East First Street. He filed his first town 
plat in 1861 (4) and incorporated the town in 1870 (30). 

Joseph Delay gained title to a donation land claim in a dispute with 
James L. Loring, then sold it to W. W. Page**; Edwin Russell, one-time manager 
of the Bank of British Columbia at Portland; and George H. Williams***, 

US Senator 1865-71 and attorney-general under President U. S. Grant (32), 

They laid out a townsite which Russell named Albina for Page’s daughter, 

Albina G, Page* They in turn sold to William Reid and J, B. Montgomery, 
noted railroad builders. Settlement began in 1874 (31), with incorporation 


* To Oregon 1848 - d. Olympia, Wash., Nov. 29, 1912, aged 91 years ( Scott, 
Hist, of the Ore. Country, v, 2, p. 248 ) 

** b. Westmoreland County, Va., Dec, 4, 1838; d. Portland, Ore,, April 12, 
1897 - to Oregon 1857 ( ibid, p, 512 ) 

*** b. Nov/ Lebanon, N.Y., March 26, 1823; d. Portland, Ore., April 4, 1910 - 
to Oregon 1863 ( Gaston, Portland, Its Hist, and guilders, v. 2, pp. 10-15 ) 

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in 1887 (33). 

James John, a hermit and recluse known familiarly as "Old Jimmy John" 
and "Saint John," who came to Oregon in 1843 via California, settled first 
at Linnton then crossed to the site which for him came to be known as St. 
Johns (34), The village was incorporated in 1903 (35)* 

Gideon Tibbetts* took up a donation land claim and laid out the town 
of Brooklyn and Tibbetts Addition to East Portland, just south of what is 
now Southeast Division Street (36). 

The Reverend John Sellwood**, an Oxford graduate and an Episcopal 
clergyman (37), took a donation land claim at the site of present Sellwood 
(38). The name was first applied about 1882 (39), Incorporation came in 
1887 (40), 

Oliver P, Lent*** located on a 190-acre claim in the Mount Scott region 
where he built a sawmill. The village of Lents was named for him (31), 

Plympton Kelly was a son of Reverend Clinton Kelly****, Fascinated by 
an account of the Battle of Esdraelon, fought by Napoleon’s army with the 
Moslems near Mount Tabor in the Holy Land, young Kelly named the east side 
eminence Mount Tabor (41), Urban East Hicks*****, a printer and publisher. 


* b., Bangor, Maine, 1808; d. East Portland, Ore,, Aug* 5, 1887 - to Oregon 

1847 ( Oregonian, Aug. 6, 1887 ) 

** b, St, Keverne, Cornwall, England, May 6, 1806; d, Portland, Ore,, Aug, 

27, 1892 - to Oregon via Panama 1856 ( Stoy: In Memoriam ) 

*** b, near Marietta, Ohio, 4ug. 31, 1830;. d. Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon, 
April 22, 1899 - to Oregon 1852 ( Scott, Hist, of the Ore, Country, v,2, p,518 ) 

**** Kentucky to Oregon 1848 ( Scott, Hist, of the Ore, Country, v.2, p.279 ) 

***** b, Boone County, Mo*, May 14, 1828; d, Orting, Wash., March 14, 1905 - 
Oregon 1852 ( ibid, pp, 254-5 ) 









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located a claim on the north slope of Mount Tabor in 1852, where for a 
time he taught school (42), Mount Tabor Villa was platted June 11, 1889 and 
the name by common consent was shortened to Montavilla (43), 

Linnton was laid out in 1843-4 by Morton Matthew McCarver (44)*, later 
speaker of the territorial legislative committee and commissary general in 
the Rogue River Indian Wars (45); and Peter Hardeman Burnett**, a lawyer (46), 
later first American governor of California (44), The village was incorporated 
in 1910 (47), 

On an old map of Portland published in 1868 (48) the area of the original 
Portland claim is indicated as being owned by Stephen Coffin, W, W, Chapman, 

M, F, Chapman, Daniel H. Lownsdale, Nancy Lovmsdale, and Benjamin Stark, 
Property divisions marked are as follows: to the north. Couch*s Addition, and 
beyond it land of William Blackstone, unplatted; to the west. Carter’s 
Addition, with land of A, N« King unplatted; to the south, Caruther’s Addition, 
with land of P, A» Marquam, F, A, Hoffman, Len Anderson, and C, Hammell 
unplatted. East Portland is shown as the claim of James B, Stephens, with 
Wheeler Addition and McMillan Addition to the north, and the town of Brooklyn 
about a mile south of Stephen’s claim. 

At the election of June 2, 1891 (49) the citizens of Portland and of 
the respective municipalities voted for the annexation of Albina and East 
Portland. Annexation of Sellwood in February 1893 necessitated legislation 
moving the county line south and east at this point in order that Multnomah 


* b. Kentucky, Jan, 14, 1807; d, Tacoma, Wash,, April 17, 1875 - to Oregon 
1843 (Ibid , p, 235 ) 

** b. Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 15, 1807; d, San Francisco, Calif,, May 16, 
1895 - to Oregon 1843 (i bid, p» 17 ) 


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County might embrace the entire suburb (50). Lents became a part of Portland 
in 1912 (51) and St. Johns and Linnton were annexed by election on June 7, 
1915 (52). 


PART II: DEVELOPMENT 

Lovejoy saw the Tualatin Plains as the granary of the young Oregon 
Country. To induce farmers to bring their produce to Portland instead 
of to Linnton, Cazeno, or other budding river towns, in 1846 a crude wagon 
road was cleared and graded over the hills behind the town. This later was 
designated by the provisional legislature as the ’’territorial road from 
Portland to Marysville” and improved. In 1848-49 Daniel Lownsdale and 
others built the Canyon Road (53); in 1851 it was planked (54), 

In 1845 Lownsdale built a tannery where the Multnomah Stadium is now 
situated (55-56), and the following year John L, Morrison built for Pettygrove 
the first frame house in the city on the street now named for the builder 
(57). In 1846 Captain Couch ohose Portland as the terminus for his shipping 
and mercantile business and the future stability of the embryo city was 
assured. 

The population increased and the town developed into a center of com¬ 
mercial activity (58). Lieutenant Neil M. Howison (59), who visited Oregon 
in 1846, found the appearance of Portland more promising than that of the 
rival town of Linnton: ’’Twelve or fifteen new houses are already occupied, 
and others' building; and with a population of more than sixty souls, the 
heads of families generally industrious mechanics, its prospects of increase 
are favorable” (60). 

Captain Nathaniel Crosby in the brig Toulon came in 1847, bringing with 
him the knocked-down parts of his Maine house (61), which Morrison rebuilt 


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for him on Second Street (62), later removed to SW Fourth Avenue (57). 

Captain Newell sailed the schooner Honolulu up to Portland in August 

1848, hastily loaded aboard all available food and tools, thon let it be 
known that gold was to be had for the taking in the Sierra foothills of 
California (63). Men abandoned homes, jobs, and ships (64), In midsummer 

1849, only.three men remained in Portland; Daniel H, Lownsdale, Colonel 
William King, and a Mr. Warren. There were only women and children to serve 
stores and commission houses when settlers* wives and children drove their 
Oxen or rowed their boats into town to trade (65), 

Gold brought by returning men provided a much needed currency. Prices 
were high for several years; in 1852 flour sold at $12 per hundred pounds, 
eggs at 75c and $1 per dozen, and wash tubs $5 each (66), Of great value 
to Portland was the rapid growth of California’s population, which created 
markets for Oregon products and goods thousands of miles nearer than any 
previous market (67). The census of 1850 listed 821 persons within the 
area incorporated a year later (68). 

Activity stimulated by the building and launching of the river steamer 
Lot Whitoomb at Milwaukie on Christmas Day, 1850, was a further aid in the 
town’s bid for supremacy in the Northwest, Jealous of its maritime foothold, 
Portland bestirred itself during the building of the Whitoomb , Headed by 
Stephen Coffin, a group of Portland businessmen bought controlling interest 
in the ocean steamer Gold Hunter , which provided direct connection between 
Portland and San Francisco (69). 

More roads were needed for bringing in cargo to visiting ships. The 
Portland and Valley Plank Road Company was chartered by the legislature 
on July 30, 1851. Stephen Coffin contracted to lay planks on the road. The 
first plank was laid with pomp and circumstance, September 27, 1851, (70) on 


14 






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Jefferson Street near the site of the Art Museum, The first ten miles of 
planks were laid up through the Canyon by November 1851, under the direction 
of Major Tucker of Fort Vancouver as road engineer. By April 1852, $14,593 
had been expended on this road (54), 

James B, Stephens was authorized by the Territorial Court in August 
1846 to "work out a road" from his claim to Oregon City along the east side 
of the Willamette (71), Stephens* improvements consisted chiefly in clearing 
away brush so that wagons might wind their way around the stumps and trees (72), 

Roads were developed by widening to wagon-width the trails opened by 
new settlers to their claims. The Multnomah County Commissioners on July 2, 
1855, were petitioned by John Switzler for payment for a bridge he had built 
on the route from Portland to the Columbia ferry (73), A road was built along 
the Willamette to Sauvie Island in 1852 and another opened to Corvallis in 
1856 via the Taylor Ferry Road (74), Routes were "viewed out" in 1855 for 
prospective roads from Portland to Powell Valley and Sandy River, The old 
town map of Portland dating from 1868 shows six roads leading out from Portland 
to all points of the compass (48), 

The first United States post office was established on November 8, 1849, 
in the home of the first postmaster, Thomas Smith, at Southwest Front Avonuo 
and Washington Street, opposite Pettygrove’s store (75), Steamer deliveries 
were delayed, however, possibly because of the general disruption caused by 
the California gold rush; and authorities differ as to the exact dato of the 
first official receipt of mail to Oregon from outside the Territory, Accord¬ 
ing to Lockloy there were no deliveries during the entire year of 1849, the 
first mail, which came by the brig Sequin from Soin Francisco, arriving at the 
new post office on January 26, 1850 (75)j Lewis and Dryden in their Marine 
History indicate that this evont occurred in 1849 (76), In Juno, 1850 the 


15 



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steamship Carolina began carrying the mail between Portland and San Francisco.. 
It was not until the new Columbia , completed at Astoria just beforo the close 
of that year, commenced service between Astoria and Portland in March, 1851, 
that Portland had a regular monthly mail service (77), E. B. Comfort was 
Portland* s postmaster in 1852 when the steamer Lot TVhitcomb took over the 
Portland-Astoria mail service (78), The Portland post office was of third 
class from its establishment to 1856, when it became second class. It was 
elevated to first class in 1880, It was looatod consocutively in twelve 
different stores and the Masonic Temple until Octobor 1, 1875, when it was 
removed to the completed structure in the block bounded by Fifth, Sixth, 
Morrison, and Yamhill stroets, now known as the Old Post Office (79), 

The burning of the old steam sawmill at the foot of Jefferson Street in 
1853 lod to the formation and oquipment of a volunteer fire company in 1854, 
with H, W, Davis as Chief and Shubrick Norris as assistant, A stoel alarm 
bell was bought in 1859 and placed in a tower on the levee. The Portland Fire 
Department was created as a voluntary organization by legislative act in 
I860* It consisted of four engine companies and one hook and ladder company. 
It was re-organized in 1882 with regularly paid members and with H, D, Morgan 
as Chief, In 1888 the department had 123 hydrants and 71 cisterns, with two 
hose -companios, four engine companies and two hook and ladder companies (80), 
The first charter authorized the city to build and operate water works, 

A water company was formed and a water works erected in 1851, the water supply 
coming from springs in the hills west of town. Eventually the wooden works 
were replaced by a reservoir of brick and stone on S17 Fourth Street, As 
the city grow the springs were found inadequate, ’Tater was thon drawn from 
tho Willamette River, which was not always satisfactory, A new reservoir 
was built on SW Lincoln and Seventh Streets, Operation by a privately-owned 


16. 





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company came into disfavor and in 1887 the city acquired the works (81), 

The Palatine Hill plant was oporatod until Bull Run water entered the city 
mains on January 1, 1895 (82), 

Within two months after the first city ordinance provided for a marshal, 
the council requested estimates on a log jail, A one-story building of hewn 
logs* 16 by 25 feet, vras erected. One of the first arrests after the city’s 
incorporation was that of' ono 0, Travaillott for riding "at a furious rato of 
speed through the Streets of the City of Portland to endanger life and 
property" (83), 

As the marshal’s duties became too great for his porsonal attention, 
deputios were appointed by him or by the oouncil. By the Act of 1872 a 
regular police system was inaugurated. The office of marshal was abolished 
and a board of three polico commissioners, responsible directly to the people, 
was created. The first police commissioners were A, B, Halleck, president, 

W. P, Burke and Eugene Semple. J, H, Lappeus was appointed police chief, 
with J, R, Wiley first captain assisted by ten regular and five special polico 
officers (84), 

Di», Robert Bruce and Dr, L, C„ Broy established the first hospital in 
1852 at the corner of SVf Front and Yamhill Streets (85), The next was St. 
Vincent’s, foundod by Reverend J, F, Fierons and the St, Vincent do Paul 
Society in July 1875 on Eleventh between M and N Streets, It \vas removed in 
1890 to its prosent site on NW We stover Stroet (86), Good Samaritan Hospital 
was founded by Right Reverend B, Wistar Morris, Episcopal Bishop of Oregon, 
and opened in October, 1875, at Twenty-first and L Streets (87), Portland 
Hospital, a Methodist institution, was founded 1888 at D and Third Streots, 
being removed 1890 to its present site on SE Harney Stroet (87), 

Tho US customs house was built in 1870, tho armory for militia in 


17 


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1887-88. The Portland Mechanics Pavilion, erected in 1879 where the present 
Municipal Auditorium is situated at SW Third and Clay Streets, was razed in 
1903 (88), The City Hall on SW Fourth Street was begun in 1890 with Win.. M. 
Whiddcn as architect; it was occupied in 1892 (89), 

William S. Ladd, who with Charles E, Tilton began in the mercantile 
business in 1852, erected the city's first brick building in 1853 at what is 
now 105 SW Front Street (90). Josiah Failing opened a mercantile businoss 
(90),while Charles B. Pillow and Clark Drew had a music store, in 1851 (91), 
Arthur H, Johnson and Richard S, Perkins wore the loading meat dealers in 
1852. George L. Story, who came to Portland in 1851, opened a drug store (92), 
H. C* Leonard and John Greon, who had a wholesale business in 1853, established 
the gas works at Portland in 1859 (93), Aloxander P. Ankeny in 1871-72 
erected a building on First Street, in which he opened the New Market Theatre 
on March 24, 1875, with James A. Horno in "Rip Van Winkle" (94), 

Hugh D, 0 1 Bryant, who became Portland's first mayor in 1850, fitted up 
a room at the northwest corner of Front and Alder streets opposite the Oregon¬ 
ian office, whero he and some friends deposited a number of books and news¬ 
papers, thus establishing tho first public library in Portland (95), The 
library group thus started continued to 1856. The Library Association of 
Portland was organized in 1864, the original donation fund for the library 
being *2,611,50, A library building was constructed at the corner of SW 
Broadway and Stark streets in 1890-92, It was razed in 1913, when the present 
Central Library building in the block bounded by 10th, 11th, Yamhill and 
Taylor streets, erected by tho county, was finished (96). At that time tho 
entiro Library collection numbered nearly 170,000 volumes (97); in Ootober 
1940 it numbered 672,846 volumes deposited in the Central Library and its 
sixteen branches throughout the city (98). 


18 


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Port]and streets were well-nigh impassable in wet weather in 1851, when 
stumps on Front Street were whitewashed so people would not run into them 
in the dark (99), Planks were laid on some blocks, A macadam road was built 
in 1858 to the Red House three miles south of Portland, In 1865 Nicholson 
pavement was laid on Front and First streets, while just prior to 1890 
Belgian balsalt blocks, quarried near St, Helens, were laid on some streets. 

In that year, bituminous rock pavement was laid on Washington Street. In 
1885 the city had 52-g- miles of improved streets; 30 miles macadam, 3 miles 
basalt blocks, 5^ miles planks, and 16^- miles graded only. There wero 100 
miles of sidewalks (100), 

The first streetcar tracks were laid in 1872 on First Street from the 
railroad station at the foot of F Street to near Jefferson Street, Four 
stroet railway companies were operating in 1888 (101), 

Transportation between the oast and west sides of the Willamette River 
began very early, A licensed ferry was operated by James B, Stephens in 
1846 between his home on the cast bank of the river and Portland (102), 

Rates of ferriage ranged from $1,50 for a wagon with 1 pair of horses or oxen, 
to 6-|/ for 100 pounds freight not in a wagon. After establishment of Mult¬ 
nomah County, the Commissioners approved the following rates for Stephens 1 
ferry; foot passengers 10/; person and horse 25/; wagon and pair of animals 
62-g/; cart or buggy and one animal 50/. Stephens was ordered to pay into the 
county treasury '$10 yearly tax (103). He operated for a number of years, when 
he sold to Joseph Knott. This became Portland’s well-known Stark Stroot 
Ferry (104). 

Ferries continued to provide transportation across the river during the 
early years of the city’s existence. Growth from a small village some two 
square miles in extent to a metropolis which today straddles the river and 


19 . 


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embraces an area of 66,86 square miles (51) made necessary more convenient 
transportation than the ferries could provide. The Stark Street, Albina, 
Columbia River, Sellwood, and St, Johns ferries wore replaced by bridges. 
Several of these were originally operated as toll bridges or were maintained 
largely by the city (105), 


PART III: RELIGION 

The Reverend James H, Yfilbur, Methodist Episcopal missionary, arrived 
in Portland in June 1847 and the following year organized the first con¬ 
gregation in Portland, The first Methodist Conference held in Oregon 
assigned him to the Portland-Oregon City circuit. In 1850 he directed the 
building of the first church, a wooden structure on SW Taylor near Second 
Avenue. The Toy lor Street Church was incorporated on January 26, 1853 (106), 
The Portland district of the Methodist Church was set up in 1867 ?/ith 
J. F. Devore as presiding older. Bishop Earl Cranston established residence 
in Portland in 1896. Bishop James Henry Straughn was assigned in 1939 (107), 
In 1940 the church had 28 congregations within Portland city limits (108). 

Congregational services, with the Reverend George H, Atkinson officiat¬ 
ing, vrcre conducted at Portland through June, 1849 in a log house used also 
as a shingle factory 4 In November of that year the Reverend Horaco Lyman 
began clearing a site on SW Second Avenue where he built his house and a 
church. Tho First Congregational Church with ten members was organized and 
the edifice dedicated on June 15, 1851, The Reverend Mr. Atkinson succeeded 
to the pastorate in 1863, maintaining the position some ten years (109). The 
church in 1940 had 13 congregations in Portland (110). 

Under supervision of Reverend Father James Croke, a movement for the 
construction of a Roman Catholic church in Portland began in the autumn of 


20, 




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1851, The finished structure was dedicated on Fobruary 22, 1852, by Archbishop 
Francis N, Blanchet, The building was removed in 1854 to SW Third Avenue and 
Stark Street, In 1862 tho archbishop’s residence was removed from Oregon City 
to Portland, and in 1928 by papal decree the administrative title was established 
as Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon (111), There were in 1940 a cathodral 
and 29 parish churches in Portland (112), 

The First Presbyterian Church in Portland was organized in 1854 with the 
Reverend J, L, Yantis in charge, George F, Whitworth took charge within a few 
months. On his removal to Washington the church became disorganized. Reverend 
P, S, Caffrey preached his first sermon in tho courthouse on June 15, 1860, in 
an effort to ro-establish the church, A church building was completed in 1864 
at SW Third Avenue and Washington Street (113), There are at prosent 23 
Presbyterian churches in Portland (114)* 

Hozckiah Johnson gathered a E-aptist congregation in Portland during the 
early 1850’s, but not until Juno, I860; did Samuel Cornelius, a resident 
Baptist missionary, arrive in Portland; Tho first Baptist church building was 
occupied by January 6, 1862 (115). In 1940 there were 22 Baptist Churches 
in Portland (116), 

The first missionary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, tho Reverend 
St, Michael Fackler, came to Champoog in 1847, His ohild was baptized in May, 
1851, at tho Methodist Church in Portland, the celebrant being tho newly-arrived 
Reverend William Richmond from St. Bartholomew’s Episcopal Parish in Nc\t York. 

Mr. Richmond’s next official act was to organize Trinity Parish in Portland, 
the first Episcopal congregation in Oregon. The Right Reverend Thomas Fielding 
Scott of tho diocese of Georgia was elected bishop of Oregon and Washington in 
October 1853, and arrived in Portland on April 19, 1854 (117)* Trinity Church 
was consecrated September 24, 1854, a few months after tho arrival of Bishop 


21. 


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Scott, who continued to bo bishop of this diocese until his death in 1867 (113). 
Thore are at present 13 Episcopal churches in Portland (119). 

The Evangelical Lutherans organized a church in Portland in 1867, under 
direction of A. Myors of the general synod. A church structure was erected in 
1869, the first Lutheran church in Oregon, There are at present 24 Lutheran 
churches in Multnomah County (120). 

I 

. The First Unitarian Church of Portland, first of the denomination in 

* 

\ 

Oregon, was incorporated in 1865 by Thomas Frazier, E. D. Shattuck, and 
R. R. Thompson. Its first pastor was Thomas Lamb Eliot, present pastor 
emeritus being his son, Thomas Lamb Eliot, Jr, (121). 

The Apostolic Faith Mission has its world headquarters in Portland. 

The Church of Christ, Scientist; the Seventh Day Adventist; the United 
Brcthern; the Disciples of Christ; the Friends; and the Church of Jesus Christ 
of Latter Day Saints are among tho moro recent and flourishing denominations 
in the Portland field (122), 

Tho first Jewish congregation in Portland, Beth Israel, was organized 
in 1859. There are now eight Jewish congregation's in the city (123). 


PART IV: EDUCATION 

The earliest schools in Portland were small private institutions. The 
public sohool system did not develop until a sufficient tax base evolved 
through increase in population. 

Dr. Ralph Wilcox*, a graduate of Geneva Medical College (124),. opened 

v 

the first school in the fall of 1847 in Job McNomoe^ log cabin at SW First 


* b. Ontario County, N. Y., July 9, 1818; d. Portland, Ore., April 18, 1877 
- to Oregon 1845 ( Scott, Hist, of the Ore. County, v, 2, pp, 241, 242 ) 


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Avenue and Taylor Street (125). The school continued for three months (126), 
when Wilcox was appointed county judge of Tuality County (124). In May, 1848, 
Miss Julia Carter,- lator wife of Congressman Joseph S, Smith, opened a school 
(127) in a log cabin on the corner of SW Second Avonuo and Stark Street, 

She had 35 pupils and continued for one quarter only. Her school was followed 
during the -winter of 1848-49 by one conducted by Aaron J. Hyde in the "coopor 
shop," a building constructed in 1847 one block north of the McNemce cabin, 
on SW Front Avenue. It was variously used as a public hall, a Christian 
sanctuary, a Sunday school, and a day school (128), 

Horace Lyman* in December, 1849 opened his classes in "the schoolhouse," 
constructed by Colonel William King on the west side of SW First Avenue near 
Oak Street, This building was erected for school and church use, Lyman 
reported 40 pupils (128). 

Tho next attempt at school teaching (129) was that of Cyrus A. Reed, an 
organizer (in 1855) of the Pacific Telegraph Company (130), who conducted 
classes in the schoolhouse in April, 1850, with 62 pupils. The usual tuition 
rate was $10 a term. Reed’s school lasted but three months, and was followed 
in August by another taught by Delos Jefferson, and in December by another 
undor the Reverend Nehemiah Doano (128). 

A* public school system supported by general taxation was authorized by a 
legislative act of September 5, 1849, of which George H. Atkinson, Portland 
Congregational pastor, was author (127), The first school books to arrive in 
Portland wore brought by him (131), 

In the same old schoolhouse, on December 15, 1851, John T. Outhouse, 

22 years of age, began teaching the first tax-supported free public school 
in Portland, Announcement of school opening stated that "Saunders Readers 
and Spellers, Goodrich’s Geography, Thompson’s Arithmetic, and Bullion’s 

* b, Easthampton, Mass,, Nov. 16, 1815; d. Forest Grove, Ore., March 31, 1887 - 
to Oregon from Connecticut 1849 (Scott, op, c it., v. 1, p, 51 8) 


23t 







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Grammar" would bo used as texts. Two rcy pupils were enrolled. This first 
public school was organized by directors Reuben P, Boise, Alonzo Leland, and 
Anthony L. Davis (132). 

Taxes voted for the purpose together with #800 from the county school 
fund, cover'ed cost of operation of this school (128). The teacher received 
#100 a month as salary, supplementing this income by laying sidewalks, helping 
unload.ships in the harbor, and other tasks. The school attracted wide 
attention. Pupils came from as far distant as Astoria (133), On the first 
Friday of November, citizens voted to raise $1,600 by taxation to obtain funds 
for the second year (134). 

Increase in attendance necessitated the hiring of an additional teacher 
in 1852. The school was divided into two units, Mr. Outhouse teaching the 
advanced pupils in the old schoolhouse, Lliss Abigail M. Clarke teaching the 
younger children in a building on SW First Avenue, Outhouse continued his 
classes until March, 1853. Miss Clarke, who received only $75 a month, taught 
her unit* until late in the summer of the same year. There was no further 
attempt to conduct free education for two years (128). 

' Horace Lyman, and later J. M, Keeler, supervised early Portland schools* 

/ 

In March, 1855, the city was divided into two school districts with SW Morrison 
street.the dividing line. A school was opened in each of the districts in 
the fall of 1855, with J, M. Keeler teaching the south district and Sylvester 
Pennoyer, later governor of Oregon, teaching the north. With the closing of 
these two schools, enthusiasm died for both district experiments. 

No public school was opened thereafter until the completion of the 
Central school, constructed at Southwest Sixth Avenue and Morrison Street 
during 1857-58. School began in this building on Monday May 17, 1858, with 
L. L. Torwilligcr as principal and teacher of the intermediate section; the 


24 




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two other toachcrs were Mrs. Mary J. Hcnsill and Owen Connelly. Tho total 
registration was 280 pupils (126). 

The decade of 1859 to 1869 saw the development of the grade school system 
with full coui«s^s offered for primary, intermediate, and upper grades. In 

1869 there were five public schools. The population numbered 9,000 persons, 
of whom 870. were pupils in the public schools* 

Portland High School was opened in two rooms of the North School on 
Monday,April 26, 1869, with 45 pupilsj Tho principal was J. W. Johnson, A, M,, 
later the first president of the Univorsity of Oregon, Tho high school was 
housed in several different grade school buildings until 1885, when the Portland 
High School building was completed at SW Fourteenth Avenue and Morrison Street 
(135). 

In 1869-70, thcro was an enrollment of 211 pupils in the Portland Seminary 
and Fomala Academy, the Methodist school founded through efforts of the 
Reverend James H, Wilbur in 1851 (136). There were 250 enrolled at St. Mary’s 
Academy founded in 1859 (137), St. Helen’s Hall had over 100 students in 

1870 while the Bishop Scott Grammar School, both founded by the Episcopal 
Church, had some 80 pupils in 1872 (138). The business college and other 
private schools enrolled about 180 more* Portland had at tho beginning of 

the 1870’s close to 850 children enrolled in private and denominational schools 
and about 915 attending the public schools (139). In the spring of 1941, 
Portland had 25,559 elementary and 11,713 high school students (140), 

Portland University, opened by the Methodists on September 23, 1891, in 
temporary quarters, occupied its first building. West Hall, on what is now 
Willamette Blvd., in tho spring of 1892. An attempt was made in October 1898 
to consolidate with the College of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington, but 
this experiment did not prove successful. Having to remove from West Hall 


25 . 


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■becav.se of legal difficulties, in June 1899 the school took up quarters in the 
old Portland Hospital Building at East 30th and Stark Streets, but was discon¬ 
tinued in April 1900, Purchased by the Roman Catholic diocese, the campus at 
West Hall was occupied by Columbia University in 1901, Administration passed 
to the Congregation of the Holy Cross in 1902. The name Columbia was changed 
to University of Portland in 1935, The college conducts a school of nursing 
in connection with St. Vincent's Hospital (141). 

Reed College, named for its principal benofactors Mr. and Mrs. Simeon 
G, Rood, opened in 1911 as a co-educational college of arts and sciences. 

The college graduated 1,031 students during its first 25 years (142). 

An accredited junior college department ms opened at St. Helen’s Hall in 
1932, Removed to Portland from Milwaukie in 1869 where it was founded by the 
Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Oregon in 1866, the school conducts a college 
of nursing in connection with Good Samaritan Hospital (143). 

Orogon Institute of Technology, of which Multnomah College is the 
Collogiato division, had its origion in the college preparatory, vocational, 
and adult evening classes opened by the Portland Young Men's Christian Associ¬ 
ation as oarly as 1884, In 1920 the institute was granted a university charter. 
At that time a degree-granting college of engineering was opened. In 1931, 
following a survey of needs for additional higher educational facilities in 
the city, a co-educational junior college was established. In March 1937 the 
board of managers of the institute decided to discontinue the college of 
engineering and to the name the junior college "Multnomah" (144), Aeronautical 
work ms continued, the motors work being conducted in the college shop at 
SW Fifteenth Avenue and Taylor Street, and the ground work and flying at 
Swan Island and Beaverton airports (145). 

Albany College until 1939 had its main campus in Albany where, in 1867 


2b, 





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their plans was to make arrangements for establishing a newspaper at Portlands 

They were-in San Francisco on July 4, 1850. Abqut that date, Mr, Coffin 
happened to meet Thomas J, Dryer, a native of Ulster County, Now York, who had 
recently arrived in California. Dryer had worked on the country press in his 
state and was a vigorous rather than a polished writer. He had brought with 
him to California a hand-printing press and a small lot of printing material, 
and was looking for a placo where he might start a newspaper. Coffin intro¬ 
duced him to Chapman and the two explained to him that they desired a newspaper 
at Portland. Dryer at once consented to come to Portland, Chapman it was who 
gave to the new sheet the name Oregonian. 

Press and materials arrived at Portland in November, 1850, Chapman and 
Coffin assisted Dryer in furnishing a publication office in a shack at the 
northwest corner of Front and Morrison Streets, They sat up all the night before 
the issue of tho first number. The paper was a four-page sheet, six columns 
to the page, and was to be published weekly. On the morning of December 4, 1850, 
the first number was delivered through the town by Arthur and Thomas, sons of 
Chapman, and by Henry Hill, later a compositor for the Ore gonian for 39 years 
(151), The Oregonian is today the oldest siirviving newspaper west of Iowa and 
Missouri, with the exception of the Deseret News at Salt Lake City (152), 

Dryer was editor until 1861, In that year Henry L* Pittock*, who came to 
Oregon in October, 1853, and began work as a typesetter on the Oregonian in 
November, took over management of the paper, assumed its debts, and on February 4, 
1861 began publication of the daily Morning Oregonian . 

Two daily papers already were being published in the town, the Adve rt iser 
and the Times, catering to a population of only 3,000 persons. The Advertiser 


* b, London. England. March 1, 1836j d. Portland, Ore., Jan. 28, 1919, 
(Scott, Hist, of th e Oregon Country, v. 1, p. 108 ) 


28 . 














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was suppressed in 1862 for utterances against the wan policy. The Times, which 
as tho Oregon Weekly Times had succeeded the Western Star of Milwaukio whon it 
moved to Portland in 1851, continued publication until 1864 (153), 

Newspapers of the early day took strong stands on political questions and 
were expected to be partisan organs. Of the three most influential editors in 
the 1850’s, none was more adept than Dryer in tho firing of editorial broadsides 
full of invective and satire. 

News from the outside world came to Portland in the 1850's by boat from 
San Pranoisco, In 1858 a telegraph operated betwoen Sacramento and Yreka, but 
inasmuch as Oregon’s one wire service, built betwoen Portland and Corvallis in 
1856, shortly fell into disrepair, the town dopendod upon tho stage service for 
its nows. The distance of 400 miles between Yreka and Portland was covered by 
stages in four and a half days. In 1864 Oregon and California ■were connected by 
telegraph but tho high rate of charge for news dispatches not only kept all 
newspapers in debt but also contributed in great part to tho failure of many 
of Portland’s early nowspapors. In addition to this the Oregonian*s vigorous 
support of the Federal cause in the Civil War crisis aided it to outstrip its 
rivals. From 1865 until his death in 1910, with the exception of the fivo years 
he acted as collector of customs in Portland, Harvey W. Scott* was editor of 
tho Oregonian (154). 

H, L, Pittock founded the Portland Telegram on April 16, 1877, Shortly 
thereafter the ownership of the paper was placed in tho hands of a corporation 
of Portland business men, but during tho early yoars its policy continued to be 
influenced by the O regonian . Tho Portland Nows , a momber of tho Scripps-Howard 
national chain of newspapers, was founded as the East Side Nows on September 24, 


* b, near Peoria, Ill., Fob, 1, 1838; d. Portland, Ore,, Aug. 7, 1910 - to 
Oregon 1852; (So ott, Hist, of the Ore, Country, v 0 1, pp, 5, 6 ) 


29 . 















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1906* the latter bought tho Portland Nows in 1931, the oombined News-Telegram 
suspending publication on August 21, 1939 (155). 


The Oregon Journal had its beginning in a campaign paper called the 


Portland Evening Journal startod by A. D, Bowen and first issued on March 10, 
1902. San Jackson, successful Pendleton publisher who was publishing the 
East Oregonian of that city, bought tho Evening Journal on July 23, 1902 and 
named it the Oregon Journal . Jackson made tho Journal into a successful and 
influential paper (156), 

The Catholic Sentinel , a weekly paper first issued in Portland in 1870, 
has been published ever since. Its files form a valuablo record of Catholic 
Church history in Oregon (157), 

Periodicals of various typos and dates of publication flourish in Portland, 
but of the more than 30 newspapers that have been launched in tho city, only 
the Orogonian and the Oregon Journal survive (158), 



30 . 













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